DRIVESMART: About Personal Contract Purchase

We explain how Personal Contract Purchase works

Personal Contract Purchase (PCP)

14 July 2020

Confused by new car finance?

We explain how Personal Contract Purchase (PCP) works

Personal Contract Purchase is a form of hire purchase that lets you buy a car, but change your mind later.

If that sounds too far-fetched, don't worry.

It's perfectly legal and is used by thousands of new car buyers every year as a way to finance their car.

How PCP works

In a normal finance agreement you repay the total cost of the car in monthly instalments over the life of the agreement

In a PCP agreement you only pay for part of the cost of the car - the rest is postponed until the end of the agreement, when you can change your mind and just hand the car back to the dealer or finance company.

The part that you repay is the forecast depreciation or drop in value of the car between the purchase date and the end of the PCP agreement.

For example, if you are buying a car that costs £30,000 and it is expected to be worth £10,000 at the end of the PCP agreement then you only repay £20,000 (£30,000 - £10,000) in the monthly finance payments.

Because the monthly payments only repay part of the purchase price of the car this also makes them lower than ordinary finance repayments.

Too Good To Be True?

Well, yes, in one respect.

Because you are only repaying a smaller proportion of what you borrowed (the whole £30,000 purchase price of the car), more of the purchase price is left outstanding during the period of the loan.

As a result you are still charged interest on the amount outstanding each month, so the total interest payable under a PCP agreement will be higher than under a more traditional car finance agreement like hire purchase, even if the interest rate is the same.

Check The Small Print

You also need to check the small print in a PCP agreement as there are two types.

One type ('conditional sale') keeps ownership of the car with the finance company or dealer that supplied the car through until the end of the agreement.

You only get ownership if you complete the PCP agreement by paying the final 'balloon' payment at the end of the deal; if instead you simply hand back the car at the end it's as if you never had it in the first place.

The alternative type of agreement transfers ownership of the car to you at the outset (rather than at the end) of the finance agreement so you are the legal owner throughout the deal.

If you are buying a new car with a cash allowance from your employer and your employer set up the car deal for you (for example, with a preferred supplier) you can't use a conditional sale agreement.

This is due to quirks in employment tax law which deem the car to be a company car, even though you enter into the finance agreement, not your employer.

Watch Out For VAT

Following a ruling by the European Courts (which still applies to the UK), the final payment in a PCP agreement has to be set well below the expected market value of the car at the end of the finance term.

This means that you have to repay a bigger proportion of the car's price (in otherwords, undervalue the car at the end of the agreement) to avoid the taxman charging VAT on the monthly finance payments.

Your dealer should take care of this in the calculation of the final 'balloon' payment.

How Does PCP Work?

Normally the supplier of your car (or your employer in a sponsored scheme) will arrange the PCP agreement for you.

Usually a deposit will be required (typically 10% of the purchase price or a fixed number of finance payments paid in advance, e.g. 3 or 6 months payments).

In employer sponsored schemes an advance payment is not normally required.

You then pay monthly payments for depreciation and interest charges until the end of the PCP agreement.

At the end of the agreement you will typically have 3 options. You can:

hand back the car to the finance company (subject to return conditions - see below); or
pay an optional final payment (sometimes called the “settlement payment”) and keep the car; or
if the car is worth more than the final payment, make the final payment and sell the car, either keeping the "profit" or using it as a deposit towards a replacement car.

If you do choose to hand back the car instead of paying the optional final payment then the car will normally be subject to a mileage and condition check. This is to make sure that the car has not travelled more than the agreed total mileage allowed in the finance contract and that the car's physical condition is in keeping with its age and mileage.

If the car has exceeded the permitted mileage then you will normally have to pay an 'excess mileage charge', usually a pence per mile figure which will be stipulated on the finance agreement.

In addition, if there is damage or wear and tear on the car in excess of what would be normal for a car of the same age and condition you will be charged for putting this right.

You finance company should inform you before you enter the finance agreement about what is and is not acceptable damage/wear and tear and some subscribe to the code of practice of the British Vehicle Leasing & Rental Association .

Advantages of Personal Contract Purchase

Because the car's expected future value at the end of the finance agreement is fixed in the agreement, you know how much depreciation will be and how much you will get for your car when you have finished the finance repayments.

If the value of the car at the end of the agreement is more than the forecast residual value you can sell the car for the actual value and either keep the difference or use it as a deposit towards a new car.

Because the residual value is fixed you avoid the risk of the residual value being less than expected, so you are protected from unexpected drops in second hand car values.

Disadvantages of Personal Contract Purchase

If you exceed the agreed contract mileage you will normally incur an excess mileage charge.

Interest charges will be higher than in a more traditional finance arrangement like hire purchase as you're not repaying the full value of the car.

The balloon payment at the end of the PCP agreement must be set below the expected actual value to avoid VAT problems, so you are repaying more depreciation than you need to.

Unlike Personal Leasing you will normally have to make your own arrangements to pay for the annual tax disc renewal (unless you have also arranged a maintenance contract which includes this service).